High-flow oxygen therapy is a modern method of providing oxygen, through nasal cannulas, with a higher volume of heated and humidified air. This special kind of therapy is also known as high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC). It seems to be a promising alternative therapy because it is less complicated and easier.
Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is different, whereby individuals suffering from acute and critical respiratory conditions demand complex assistance. Mechanical ventilation has proved crucial for the medical care of these cases for decades. Mechanical ventilators are frequently used in pathological situations such as low oxygen levels or high carbon dioxide levels where the patient has difficulty breathing. Nevertheless, over recent years, there appears to be a new therapeutic way called high-flow oxygen therapy, which is likely to substitute or serve with traditional respiration practices. The goal is to create a particular focus on optimizing humidification to enhance patient comfort and respiratory support.
In clinical applications, oxygen therapy can be given as low flow (with mask or nasal cannula) or high flow (Venturi mask or nonrebreathers). However, in conventional methods, some of the oxygen inhaled by the patient is not delivered completely. Since the oxygen is not heated and humidified, the patient may not tolerate it for long periods. High-flow oxygen therapy, which is mainly used for respiratory diseases in pediatric patients, has found a serious place, especially in the COVID-19 pandemic and has begun to be widely used in adult patients as well.
High-flow oxygen/cannula therapy is gaining widespread attention as an alternative approach to respiratory support in intensive care patients. This method is applied via air or oxygen mixer (rate up to 60 L/min at 21% to 100% oxygen fraction), humidifier, patient circuit and nasal cannula. The high-flow, warmed, humidified oxygen removes carbon dioxide from the anatomical dead space, making breathing easier and increasing patient comfort.
The benefits of HFO go further than simple improvement in gas exchange. Compared to traditional mechanical ventilation, HFO offers numerous advantages:
Nasal high-flow therapy contributes to improving the fractionation of alveolar gases by reducing nasopharyngeal dead space. The expandability of the nasopharynx provides significant inspiratory resistance relative to expiratory effort.
HFNO provides adequate flow rates to accommodate inspiratory flow and thus significantly reduces the inspiratory resistance associated with the nasopharynx and thus eliminates the associated work of breathing. Delivery of heated and humidified oxygen to the respiratory organs increases pulmonary compliance and reduces metabolic load compared to dry and cold gas. The high flow in the nasopharynx provides positive tensile pressure to activate the lungs.
High flow oxygen therapy indicates for hypercapnic respiratory failure, hypoxemic respiratory failure, post-extubation, preintubation oxygenation, acute heart failure and sleep apnea. In pediatric patients, it is mainly indicated for bronchiolitis, but also for pneumonia, croup, asthma and post-extubation.
Patient comfort and satisfaction in the rigorous conditions of the ICU are critical aspects of providing quality health care. From the patient’s perspective, HFO significantly reduces discomfort associated with traditional mechanical ventilation.
HFO therapy has been studied extensively and proven clinically beneficial. One of the most comprehensive studies investigating the effectiveness of nasal high-flow therapy is the Clinical Guideline published by the American College of Physicians. According to this guideline, compared to NIV, it has been shown to improve clinical outcomes as an initial treatment for acute respiratory failure and improve patient comfort by reducing re-intubation compared to standard oxygen therapy. It is stated that it causes fewer complications in patients than NIV or COT.
The effectiveness of HFNO in patients with hypoxia in acute heart failure was investigated in a retrospective cohort study. It has been stated that there is a better improvement in left ventricular parameters in patients receiving HFNO treatment compared to non-invasive positive pressure ventilation. It has been concluded that HFNO may be an ideal model, especially in hypoxemic AHF patients.
In another meta-analysis investigating the use of HFNO in anesthesia induction, it was compared with FMV. The use of HFNo for anesthesia induction has been shown to significantly improve oxygenation compared to FMV.
In addition to those mentioned above, many scientific studies are showing the effectiveness of HFNO.
In a study conducted in England, the cost-effectiveness of HFNO use was investigated. Three different cost-effectiveness models were used in this study: the pre-intubation model and the post-extubation model in low-risk and high-risk patients. The use of HFNO in first-line treatment is reported to provide estimated savings of £469 per patient compared to standard oxygen therapy and £611 compared to NIV. NHF cost savings for the high severity subgroup were found to be £727 compared to standard oxygen and £1,011 compared to NIV.
For post-intubation low-risk patients, NHF provides an estimated cost saving of £156 compared to standard oxygen. The savings for post-intubation high-risk patients was stated to be £104.
Another study in infants with bronchiolitis compared low-flow oxygen therapy and HFNO therapy. In this study, treatment costs were found to be between $1786-3600 for HFNO, while these figures were found to be between $2175-5125 for standard treatment. Based on this, the cost-effectiveness of high-flow oxygen therapy can be demonstrated.
Giving a significant gain to the medical device world with Biyovent, an Intensive Care type mechanical ventilation device, Biosys continues to produce new device solutions for the sector. BiO2Flow, a high-flow oxygen therapy device, is a revolutionary device.
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